Kamile Baysal

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     Getting an adequate amount of sleep nightly is a crucial need for brain development and overall neurological functioning. Throughout the sleep cycle, the brain works to maintain homeostasis, rid of metabolic wastes, emotionally regulate, and consolidate memories; operations necessary to general cognitive performance. This raises the essential question: What are the cognitive consequences of sleep deprivation?

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What is Cognitive Decline?

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     Cognitive decline refers to the gradual deterioration of mental ability. Generally occurring when the neurons and synapses of the brain are damaged, lowering overall ability to process, store, and retrieve information. This often leads to: impaired memory, reduced attentiveness, slower processing speed, and lack of executive functioning; all of which impact overall neurological capacity. 

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The Relations Between Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive Decline

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     There are numerous biological factors that link sleep deprivation to that of consequential cognitive decline. The disruption of the brain’s glymphatic system lessens the cleansing of beta-amyloid and tau proteins; which can influence higher chances of neurodegenerative diseases, including that of Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, lack of sleep can put the body under a high amount of stress, specifically via the Hypothalamic Pituitary Adrenal Axis (HPA), unleashing the cortisol. This weakens synaptic homeostasis and long-term potentiation (LTP), which is the foundation of all learning and memory. Moreover, the hippocampus is largely affected by reduced levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and subdued hippocampal neurogenesis; leading to a debilitating of synaptic plasticity/connectivity and memory. 

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Acute vs Chronic Sleep Deprivation

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     Acute sleep deprivation, ranging from one to a few nights without sleep, can lead to daytime sleepiness, lack of concentration, slower processing/reaction time, and a difficulty carrying out tasks. Behaviorally, individuals may be more susceptible to being emotionally unstable, usually being irritable and stressed (as there is a slight increase in bodily cortisol levels). On a chronic level, a consistent deficiency in ample sleep, the cognitive negatives associated with acute sleep deprivation apply, but are more severe. Mentally, there are higher risks of developing depression, anxiety, or significantly influence mental disorders (e.g. bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, ie). The physical effects are also prominent, increasing the likelihood of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, etc. 

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Conclusion

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     Maintaining a healthy amount of sleep consistently is vital to preserve cognitive health and general brain function. Sleep deprivation, both acute and chronic, have negative effects whether it is momentary or longterm. The disruption of the sleep cycle leads to a probable detriment regarding memory, attention, and executive function; resulting in issues both physical and mental. Prioritizing an adequate and remedial sleep every night is essential to reduce cognitive declination and prolong all in all neurological strength.